This kind of work has been matched recently with the emergence of philosophers of cognitive science – such as Andy Clark, Jakob Hohwy, and Peter Langland-Hassan – collecting empirical data on hallucinations and related topics. In the abstract, they can provide the material for various thought experiments and other tests of philosophical theories of perception, belief, and knowledge. Hallucination – and psychosis more broadly – has been of particular interest to philosophers for a range of reasons. Our aim is to show that hallucinations research is intrinsically philosophical, with many of the key questions in this area demanding dialogue and engagement with philosophy. It will offer a guide for cognitive researchers who are new to philosophical theories and concepts, alongside critiques of dominant contemporary models. Here we review how various issues, theories, and models of hallucination relate to contemporary work in philosophy, and what implications this work has for hallucinations research. Correspondingly, insights from theoretical work on hallucinations have informed empirical research and have been conducted in close dialogue with new findings. A recent growth in hallucination research – in clinical and non-clinical contexts – has been matched by a renewed interest in the theoretical questions that hallucinations pose for philosophical inquiry, encompassing phenomenology, philosophy of mind, and philosophy of science. They are a prominent feature of several psychiatric conditions and occur in a minority of the healthy population. Hallucinations are typically taken to refer to perceptual experiences that lack a sensory stimulus (e.g., David, 2004). Philosophy of science and psychiatry raises valuable and theoretically informed questions about diagnosis and categorisation.Ĭonclusions: These contributions reflect both the methodological variety within philosophy and its relevance to the hallucinations researcher. Philosophy of cognitive science enables big-picture theorising and synthesis of ideas, as well as a critical engagement with new paradigms. Phenomenology gives us a sophisticated and critical understanding of the lived experience of hallucinations. Results: We demonstrate that these areas of philosophy make significant contributions to hallucinations research. Method: We review contributions from phenomenology, philosophy of cognitive science, and philosophy of science and psychiatry. We present three different ways in which this is successfully implemented to the enhancement of knowledge and understanding of hallucinations and related phenomena. Introduction: Hallucinations research is increasingly incorporating philosophy or the work of philosophically trained individuals.
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